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- <text id=93CT1707>
- <title>
- Guinea--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Guinea
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Guinea is partial heir to the series of West African empires
- that, at their height before the arrival of the Europeans, cast
- a degree of political and commercial influence over many ethnic
- groups from Guinea's Atlantic coast to the southern edge of the
- Sahara. The empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai spanned the
- period from about the 10th to the 15th centuries. French
- military penetration into the area began in the mid-19th
- century. By signing treaties with the French in the 1880s,
- Guinea's Malinke leader, Samory Toure, secured a free hand to
- expand eastward. In 1890, he allied himself with the Toucouleur
- Empire and Kingdom of Sikasso and tried to expel the French
- from the area. He was finally defeated in 1898, and France
- gained control of Guinea and the Ivory Coast (now Cote
- d'Ivoire).
- </p>
- <p> France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late
- 19th and early 20th centuries with British for Sierra Leone,
- the Portuguese for their Guinea colony (now Guinea-Bissau), and
- the Liberians. After 1894, Guinea was governed by the French
- Ministry of Colonies. The French Ministry was assisted by the
- Supreme Council for Overseas France, which included
- parliamentary deputies from the colonies, delegates elected by
- French citizens in the colonies, and representatives of African
- interests nominated by colonial governors.
- </p>
- <p> The French colonies of West Africa formed a federation
- headed by a governor general with lieutenant governors in charge
- of the individual colonies, which were subdivided into
- districts governed by commandants. The commandant ruled through
- a hierarchy of village-level African administrators, whom he
- appointed.
- </p>
- <p> Although Europeans held the high administrative posts until
- after World War II, Guineans occupied some of the lower, even
- in the early 20th century. Colonial reforms after World War II
- gradually reduced French Administration, and Guineans gained
- more political responsibility and power. These reforms resulted
- from a heightened sense of nationalism by educated Guineans, as
- well as from political pressure within France.
- </p>
- <p> Following World War II, French labor confederations and
- political parties became active in Guinea. The labor unions
- were modeled on French unions and usually became affiliated with
- them. Ahmed Sekou Toure, Guinea's former president, first gained
- a mass following as a leader of the colonial section of the
- French union, Confederation General du Travail (CGT). In 1956,
- Toure withdrew from the CGT to organize a separate African
- confederation.
- </p>
- <p> In 1947, the Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG) was founded as
- a section of the new international African Democratic Rally
- (RDA), giving Toure and his associates a political membership
- in the general population. The RDA broke with the communists in
- 1950, and Toure, as head of the PDG, asserted that the Marxist
- doctrine of class struggle was inapplicable to Africa and that
- the movement must be freed of any vestige of European control.
- In the 1957 elections, the PDG won 56 of 60 seats in the
- Territorial Assembly. It played the leading role in Guinea's
- decision in 1958 to reject membership in the proposed French
- Community. Guinea became an independent republic in 1958, the
- only French colony to vote against entering the community. Sekou
- Toure and the PDG remained in power until April 3, 1984, when
- the present military government took power 1 week after the
- sudden death of Sekou Toure.
- </p>
- <p> On July 4, 1985, there was an unsuccessful coup attempt in
- which a number of people lost their lives. On December 22,
- 1985, President Conte announced a far reaching economic reform
- program that has begun to revitalize the economy.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The CMRN took control of the government on April 3, 1984,
- just 1 week after the death of independent Guinea's only
- president, Sekou Toure. It immediately abolished the
- constitution and the sole political party and its mass youth and
- women's organizations and announced the establishment of the
- Second Republic. In lieu of a constitution, the government is
- based on ordinances, decrees, and decisions issued by the
- president and various ministers.
- </p>
- <p> Political parties are not allowed. One of the first acts of
- the new government was to release all prisoners and declare
- observance of human rights as one of its primary objectives. It
- reorganized the judicial system and decentralized
- administration. The CMRN also declared its intention to
- liberalize the economy, promote private enterprise, and
- encourage foreign investment in order to develop the country's
- rich natural resources.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- September 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-